Scottish Rock Garden Club Forum
Specific Families and Genera => Primula => Topic started by: Graham Catlow on January 30, 2011, 09:32:13 AM
-
Hi
I purchased this primula as P. laurentiana several years ago and have exhibited it both at Glasgow and Aberdeen as that species with no suggestion it may be something else.
However, recently, it has been suggested it is not in fact laurentiana, but frondosa. Is there anyone that can give me a formal identiification please. If it is frondosa can you also please tell me the difference between the two so I don't make the same mistake again.
-
According to John Richards 'Primula, 2002 edition' P. frondosa never has meal on the upper surface of the leaves. Does that help?
-
Hi Martin,
Thanks for that.
I will now have to wait until the leaves fully appear this year as I have no idea if the leaves have meal on them or not.
-
From those photos of your lovely clumps of the primula, Graham, I'd say there is meal on both leaf surfaces, lots below and we can see the remnants of the upper farina left down the leaf petioles.
-
From those photos of your lovely clumps of the primula, Graham, I'd say there is meal on both leaf surfaces, lots below and we can see the remnants of the upper farina left down the leaf petioles.
Thanks Maggi - so that would make it P. laurentiana after all :-\
I know it certainly has lots of meal below just wasn't sure how much if any on the surface.
I hope it is laurentiana or I might have to take it out of my North American trough. ::)
-
It is obviously Primula frondosa. John Richards was in error if claiming
Primula frondosa has no farina on upper surface whereas
Primula farinosa has. It is conversely. Correct the information
in the descriptions and key there.
Primula frondosa has farina on the upper surface of leaves.
Primula farinosa hasn't farina on the upper surface of leaves.
-
It is obviously Primula frondosa. John Richards was in error if claiming
Primula frondosa has no farina on upper surface whereas
Primula farinosa has. It is conversely. Correct the information
in the descriptions and key there.
Primula frondosa has farina on the upper surface of leaves.
Primula farinosa hasn't farina on the upper surface of leaves.
Hi GM,
What would distinguish Primula laurentiana from Primula frondosa and Primula farinosa?
Why can my plant not be Primula laurentiana?
-
In Primula laurentiana the leaves are narrow, white below and green above.
http://www.primulaworld.com/PWweb/gallery/slides/laurentianaAG3.html
http://www.primulaworld.com/PWweb/gallery/slides/laurentianaAG2.html
The garden images in Primula World ascribed to it are Primula frondosa.
I cultivated Primula laurentiana several years ago, it is substantially
different compared to Primula frondosa and unconvincing in garden.
-
In Primula laurentiana the leaves are narrow, white below and green above.
http://www.primulaworld.com/PWweb/gallery/slides/laurentianaAG3.html
http://www.primulaworld.com/PWweb/gallery/slides/laurentianaAG2.html
The garden images in Primula World ascribed to it are Primula frondosa.
I cultivated Primula laurentiana several years ago, it is substantially
different compared to Primula frondosa and unconvincing in garden.
Thanks GM,
That is more clear now. These leaves are not narrow, so frondosa it is.
Now to seek out laurentiana
Kevock list both so perhaps they will let me visit and examine the differences.
-
In Primula laurentiana the leaves are narrow, white below and green above.
... The garden images in Primula World ascribed to it are Primula frondosa.
The garden images of P laurentiana on Primula world are taken by David Rankin of Kevock. I'll be interested to hear his opinion of the species when you do meet up and compare plants.
-
In Primula laurentiana the leaves are narrow, white below and green above.
... The garden images in Primula World ascribed to it are Primula frondosa.
The garden images of P laurentiana on Primula world are taken by David Rankin of Kevock. I'll be interested to hear his opinion of the species when you do meet up and compare plants.
Yes, I had noticed that also Diane.
I have met David and Stella on a couple of occassions so hope they will be obliging.
-
Yes, I had noticed that also Diane.
I have met David and Stella on a couple of occassions so hope they will be obliging.
I'm sure they will, they're great folks
-
I would prefer seeds collected in Canada. You should contact
http://www.gardensnorth.com/
if still available.
-
Graham
there is a picture of it in the wild on the Nova Scotia Wild Flora Society website
http://www.nswildflora.ca/species/Primulaceae/PrimLaur/species.html
-
Graham
there is a picture of it in the wild on the Nova Scotia Wild Flora Society website
http://www.nswildflora.ca/species/Primulaceae/PrimLaur/species.html
Graham - It is in this part of the world but I don't believe we are allowed to collect seed anymore as it is protected and imperiled as the article states. If you pm me in a month or so I can check with a friend (away at the moment) who may have some seed from plants in the garden.
johnw
-
I would prefer seeds collected in Canada. You should contact
http://www.gardensnorth.com/
if still available.
That would mean that it was actually the real thing.
I will send Krystl a PM to see if she collected any this year.
Thanks again.
-
Thanks Tony and John,
Krystl posted a few photos in her 'My Bit of Heaven' thread and I commented on how they looked inferior in the wild to mine in cultivation. But the reason could be that they are actually different plants altogether.
Graham
-
Graham,
Seed is available from Chiltern Seeds, and from Jelitto too.
Giles
-
Graham,
Seed is available from Chiltern Seeds, and from Jelitto too.
Giles
Giles - Not unusual I guess that we'd have to go to the UK or Germany to get seeds of our native plants. Tony showed a nice shot of the Primula on Brier Island, NS. I had forgotten the nice meal on the undersides. Unfortunately or rather fortunately for the plants we are not allowed to collect anything from there according to Provincial Regulations. At least a few spots here that are protected; many locals are keen clear-cutters. :(
johnw
-
Graham,
Seed is available from Chiltern Seeds, and from Jelitto too.
Giles
Not unusual I guess that we'd have to go to the UK or Germany to get seeds of our native plants.
John, quite a few of the east coast Canadian species in the Jelitto catalogue have, in fact, come from me over the years; and I can't think of a botanically worthwhile native east coast species that I have not carried in my catalogue. I only wish there were more of us doing this, instead of the literal handful throughout ALL of North America (and decreasing each year).
Technically, there is actually no restriction on collecting seed of vulnerable species --- unless that species is also growing in a spot that is "protected." Most of the populations of Primula laurentiana in Nova Scotia that I have encountered (not just on Brier Island), are not growing in conservation areas or protected places.
Even Helianthemum canadense, which has a Red (at risk) status in Nova Scotia, and sensitive nationally, does not have "legal protection".
I do not know any one-person seed operation where the owner does not first consider the actual species in the wild, and its rarity/status before collecting seed. This is always the underlying ethical consideration. And this is rather paramount to the acitivity; much moreso, in fact that the indiscrimate users of wild spaces who give not a single thought to the impact their activities have on the ecosystem. Can you tell I have rather strong opinions on this subject.
By the way, John, I was sorry to miss your Magnolia talk on Tuesday night; but alas the latest storm had me heading straight back to Annapolis from the airport that day. Hope it went well.
-
And then!!! Primula laurentiana seeds head my way from Kristl :D :D :D
This really is an amazing forum.
All I need to do now is to germinate them and grow them on. :-\
Many many thanks Kristl.
And thank you all for your imput.
Graham
-
Graham,
Germination is certainly easy (warm within 2-4 weeks); growing on may be a bit more challenging.
I also wanted to say that while Primula laurentiana is heavily farinose, there is an efarinose form described as forma chlorophylla, a common variant throughout the range of the species. I grow this variant here and one sees it frequently in the wild (and some of your seed may produce this, as I did not isolate out the efarinose form).
While I do have my own photographs of Primula laurentiana and mistassinica in the wild, I think John Mauder's pictures on the Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador are particularly good, showing not only descriptive botanical features, but whole plants in situ. Do take a look. It is *very* worthwhile.
This link will also show you the rare Primula egaliksensis and forma violaceae in the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland.
http://www.digitalnaturalhistory.com/flora_primulaceae_index.htm#primulaegaliksensis
This is the area where I will be botanizing in July this year; and hope to see the Primula and (many) other alpine gems.
-
Do take a look. It is *very* worthwhile.
This link will also show you the rare Primula egaliksensis and forma violaceae in the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland.
http://www.digitalnaturalhistory.com/flora_primulaceae_index.htm#primulaegaliksensis
Oh, another great link to follow and enjoy.... it is any wonder my house is full of dust?
-
Thanks Kristl,
It looks great. Excellent for identification! Will have a good browse later and over the weekend.
-
If I can enter this debate; definitely the best source of images of P. laurentiana is the Primulaworld website. The five images from Newfoundland by Alessia Guggisberg, a Swiss student who worked on the DNA of this group with Elena Conti at Zurich are correct and typical of P. laurentiana, showing the long scape exceeding the leaves and the narrow long-petiolate leaves. Despite what has been said, none of the images under this name are P. frondosa, but I think those from Todd Borland in the wild and the Rankins in cultivation (from wild seed by the way) might be P. mistassinica. The ranges of these two species overlaps from Maine to Newfoundland. They are best separated by the mating system. The flowers of P. mistassinica are heterostyle (pin or thrum) but those of P. laurentiana homostyle with both the stigma and anthers in the mouth of the flower (and self-fertile). I can't assess this character in any of the photos, but P. mistassinica is a rather small delicate plant which fits these latter photos better. I am growing P. laurentiana from wild seed at the moment and some have survived overwinter in the alpine house to flower a second year. I guess it liked the hard spell! P. laurentiana is a rare plant in cultivation and is unlikely to be correct unless grown from wild collected seed (which may as stated now be illegal). To continue the debate, P. frondosa is best known by its rounded, crenately dentate leaf blades and short wide petiole. Like P. mistassinica it is heterostyle (pin or thrum), and it has relatively large flowers on scapes which scarcely exceed the leaves. Typically, there is a marked contrast in farina (meal)between the top surface and the lower surface of the leaf, much more so than in P. farinosa for instance, but I am incorrect in 'Primula' (key and descriptions) to say that it lacks farina above. There is a scattering of meal above, but much less than in most of its relatives.
-
Finally. I sadly agree that I cannot certainly distinguish between images of
Primula frondosa and Primula mistassinica. I would appreciate
further features making it possible to identify the two species.
But I cannot agree if you say Primula farinosa has leaves mealy
above. At least the plants occurring in southern Alps haven't.
---
http://www.fungoceva.it/erbe_ceb/Primula_farinosa.htm
http://www.gartendatenbank.de/photo/2009062904
http://botany.cz/cs/primula-farinosa
http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/albums/bot-020/normal_001-primula-farinosa.jpg
-
And to which species really belong the two images
starting the thread, about which I was so certain
it is obviously Primula frondosa.
-
In Slovakia, the leaves are green above too.
Perhaps British plants are different.
---
http://www.foto-net.sk/?idp=18774&loc=2
http://www.foto-net.sk/?idp=14522&loc=2&page=1
-
Of course, our great Canadian Pam Eveleigh's Primula World website is THE BEST---and I do hope that anyone who does not know this inavaluable resource check it out immediately!!!!! I always assume it is widely known.
I've dug out my pictures of Primula mistassinica taken in the wild in Ontario (quite a long drive into northern Ontario, as it didn't exist further south near Ottawa, where I lived). The habitat of this species is different from that of P. laurentiana, growing, as it does, more inland, on gravel bars, along rivers, the shores of lakes, creeks etc. often in incredibly competitive conditions.
P. laurentiana, on the other hand, is chiefly a coastal species (on ledges, cliffs, rocky coastlines or summits, outcrops--non forested).
It is this species that I have encountered here in southern Nova Scotia, where it is scattered on cliffs and headlands along the Bay of Fundy shore. Primula mistassinica only occurs further north in central Nova Scotia and much further north, in Cape Breton.
And, in keeping with its Canadian origins---P. mistassinica (primevère du lac Mistassini) was originally named for Lake Mistassini, the largest natural lake in Quebec, 700 miles north of Montreal. It was, in fact in the Gaspe Peninsula and northern Quebec that I first encountered both P. mistassinica and P. laurentiana in the wild some 20+ years ago. P. mistassinica is the smaller of the two, with a scape typically 20cm tall (laurentiana to 50cm).
Where it is happy, P. mistassinica will form large colonies in the wild, as it did along this lake in northern Ontario.
The seed I sell in my catalogue comes from this population.
-
And here are rather poorer picture examples of P. laurentiana, photographed in the wild in Nova Scotia---which I will have to work on this spring. If judging by size alone, one could be confused. However, it must be remembered that the species is growing here in a tough, rocky, exposed habitat and the photographs were done at the early stage of flowering, before many of the scapes had fully extended. In any event, none of the plants in this particular spot ever reach the 50cm textbook description.
However, one can clearly see the difference in the foliage ---and the picture of the rosette only, taken in August, shows the dense farinose underside of the leaf where it is curled.
It is also worthy of note that Primula laurentiana typically flowers earlier than P. mistassinica. The following pictures, on Brier Island in Nova Scotia were taken on May 12th, 2010. The former pictures of P. mistassinica in Ontario were taken in mid-June or later.
P. mistassinica flowers are most normally in the purplish, mauve, white colour range, and P. laurentiana more normally pinkish to white.
-
P. laurentiana is a rare plant in cultivation and is unlikely to be correct unless grown from wild collected seed (which may as stated now be illegal).
I hate to flog a dead horse---but, please indulge me because I have a particular abhorrence of the spread of incorrect botanic information --- which is particularly prevalent and easy these days because of "talking" online.
IT IS NOT ILLEGAL TO COLLECT PRIMULA LAURENTIANA OR MISTASSINICA SEED IN CANADA!!!!
I qualify this only to exclude the species growing in parks or spots set aside as reserves, preserves, etc. etc. etc.
Both species are considered G5 (Globally secure).
Even in the state of Maine, where P. laurentiana is of "Special Concern" it is, according to the State Of Maine Conservation Authority
"not sufficiently rare to be considered Threatened or Endangered"
-
Kristl, I've been sitting back and enjoying this thread immensely; learning so much about these little North American primula. Your two series of photos on Primula mistassinica & laurentiana really show the differences in the plants well, the photos of P. laurentiana actually very good and detailed. The 3 images of P. mistassinica growing out of an old rotted tree stump are special portraits, what a sweet primula.
In case anyone wants to see the USDA Plant Profiles on these two species, here they are, I'm rather surprised by the distribution on Primula mistassinica, extending down as far as Iowa and Illinois.
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PRMI
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PRLA
What can you tell us about P. stricta (syn. hornemanniana), it's not in Nova Scotia but is in Quebec, Ontario, and elsewhere in Canada.
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PRST
-
Beautiful images and beautiful plants. The Primula mistassinica is really fantastic.
The miniature Primula laurentiana is so different I would never guess it is
the species. And challenging to. It seems to be identical to the plant in
the Primula World photographed by Todd Boland. Thank you, Kristl.
By the way, Primula World is unique in all aspects. There exists nothing
similar for other genera in rock gardening.
-
And lastly: the "farinose" issue:
P. mistassinica---(one former synonym is, by the way, P. farinosa var. mistassinica) are GENERALLY efarinose (or only slightly farinose in young leaves). This has been my experience in the wild. BUT because it is the most widespread of the North American primula, there is great variation --- including farinose forms (var. novaeboracensis) which occurs near the Great Lakes.
P. laurentiana---GENERALLY (heavily) farinose (sometimes efarinose with age), and there are efarinose varieties that are common.
-
Mark,
I first saw P. stricta long ago in the Yukon (it is my notes as P. incana, per Flora Of The Yukon), growing along rivers. Sadly all my pictures were old SLR camera, and have never scanned my slides. I do remember thinking it reminded me a lot of P. laurentiana (heavily farinose, similar height) etc. This is circumboreal, so perhaps some of our Scandinavian friends might chime in.
I will be botanizing at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland this summer, where both P. stricta and P. egaliksensis (which I have never seen before in the wild) are found. Pictures will follow then.
-
Great photos Kristl.
I just hope I can get them to the same stage when they arrive :)
-
Graham, You have reminded me that I have not discussed the cultivation of these two species in the garden.
Both are challenging, and P. mistassinica has been the hardest of the two to keep happy in the garden (but then many species that thrive in situations of consistent moisture at root level are difficult). They were hard, in particular in Ontario with it's stifling hot, humid summers.
I did bring a small plant of P. mistassinica with me to Nova Scotia and planted it in the open shade at the base of the rock garden, where it was most assured consistent moisture. And the fact that the summers are significantly cooler and moister here has resulted in a reasonably happy plant, so far. Weather is not so different from the UK except I believe we get more sun in the Annapolis Valley.
P. laurentiana has been much more accomodating--and is grown in the open rock garden, in much better conditions than it sees in the wild and seems content. In Ontario, I would have had to grow this in a shadier, more protected spot, because of the intense sun. Only time will tell how long lived it will be in cultivation.
Of course we have little inclination in North America to grow plants in pots and no tradition of show benches, so those alternatives would not really be considered by most gardeners here. I think it might be relatively straightforward getting P. mistassinica behaving in pot culture, where one could much more easily control soil, moisture and light.
-
Thanks Kristl,
I will bear all these points in mind when the seeds arrive. I plan to start some in a tray and transplant at a later date. I also thought I would perhaps try a few seeds in-situ in a trough. What do you think?
-
Forgive a diversion please, but there is an iris in one of the P. laurentiana pictures. Which species would this likely be Kristl?
-
I'm unsure of the IDs for these two from far-western NWT and would appreciate comments:
Primula incana ? Mackenzie delta below Inuvik
Primula eximia ? Richardson Mountains near the Yukon border
-
Ashley, I think the first is Primula stricta (incana)....the second I want seed of, no matter what the name!!!
Primula World pictures --- eximia certainly looks like your plant.
There are a number of fascinating far northern species---and I just recently read an article about yet another new one discovered in Alaska.
Take a look at this website: Sitka Nature, with P. eximia featured on opening page.
http://www.sitkanature.org/wordpress/2009/07/10/starrigavan-ridge-hike-2/
-
Forgive a diversion please, but there is an iris in one of the P. laurentiana pictures. Which species would this likely be Kristl?
Lesley,
That is Iris hookeri (setosa canadensis)---the rocks are solid with them.
Also in the "site picture" is Rosularia rosea blooming in the distance.
-
Ashley, I think the first is Primula stricta (incana)....the second I want seed of, no matter what the name!!!
There are a number of fascinating Alaskan species---and I just recently read an article about yet another new one discovered.
Thanks very much Kristl. Interesting link.
Yes the second one is a beauty but in mid-July I had to hunt around to find a few plants still in flower.
As far as I can tell it matches the description of P. eximia in Flora of Yukon and resembles the PrimulaWorld photos for that species, as you say.
Sorry but I have no seeds, and it's a long way to go back ;D
-
It deserves mention, Primula eximia might be better known as a subspecies of P. tschuktschorum, but later raised to species status with two other ssp merged (ssp. arctica, ssp. cairnesiana).
Other links:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/v39466h451740k7g/
http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24016
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PREX2
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PRTS
-
Thanks for those links Mark.
-
And thanks too, for the iris ID. I should have known but could only think of verna which I knew it wasn't. Damn it all, I have setosa canadensis (under various names) in my garden. :-[ Well no, it CAME under various names but is grown here as setosa hookeri.
-
Primula laurentiana and Iris setosa canadensis often seem to grow together in the wild---I recall first meeting them BOTH in the wild in Quebec, growing on the same rocks---that time in the Gaspe, along the Bay of St. Lawrence---and that was the first time I offered wild seed of both plants. My own seed-grown progeny of those Quebec Iris were planted in gravel next to one of my large ponds, where they thrived. I love their silky flowers.
And here I meet them both together again in Nova Scotia, on rocks, except this time next to the ocean.
-
I add two citations concerning Primula farinosa supporting my claim.
Dostál, Nová květena ČSSR : 748 for the whole plant
rub l., stvol, stopky a K bíle pomoučené, ostatně lysá
underside of l., scape, pedicels and K white farinose, otherwise glabrous
Kovanda in the newest Klíč ke květeně České republiky : 280 for leaves
listy na rubu pomoučené, jinak lysé
leaves farinose on underside, otherwise glabrous
-
I first saw P. stricta long ago in the Yukon (it is my notes as P. incana, per Flora Of The Yukon)
I wonder who decided Primula incana is Primula stricta.
-
I first saw P. stricta long ago in the Yukon (it is my notes as P. incana, per Flora Of The Yukon)
I wonder who decided Primula incana is Primula stricta.
let me try to find my Flora of the Yukon (still in moving boxes somewhere)---and see what i can find out.
-
Yes WJ Cody’s Flora of the Yukon Territory (2000) treats them as being synonymous, here (http://books.google.ie/books?id=-5hfWWmwE78C&pg=PA479&lpg=PA479&dq=flora+yukon+primula+incana&source=bl&ots=xknA7U6TzO&sig=ZRhF_GTwNgZS0R6DszvKTJXWksQ&hl=en&ei=NEFVTb2ZM8qHhQeO-9DuDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false), but the Flora of North America regards them as distinct (see separate entries for P. stricta (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250092232) & P. incana (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250092228)). :-\
However Cody's map for P. incana suggests a more southern (inland) distribution whereas Flora of North America describes P. stricta as an arctic maritime species. Hence Kristl's proposal of P. stricta fits better for the plant I showed from the Mackenzie delta near the Beaufort Sea.
-
According to the online Flora on North America (FNA), Primula eximia is no longer that name, and is P. pumila.
What a taxonomic rat's nest.
P. pumila (sym. P. eximia)
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250092234
-
No. Primula pumila is dated 1888 wheras Primula eximia 1897,
but the former is a later homonym and therefore illegitimate.
Check Plant Names Index a use contentendly Primula eximia.
-
No. Merely pointed out that latest taxonomic determination in Flora of North America.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250092234
If you disagree with their position, that's fine, that's your opinion.
Checked out The Plant List, neither P. eximia nor P. tschuktschorum are listed! However, using the TPL search function on Primula eximia, (http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-26400483), the search information defers to Tropicos, and comes up with:
Primula eximia Greene is a synonym of Primula tschuktschorum subsp. eximia (Greene) A.E. Porsild
This name is a synonym of Primula tschuktschorum subsp. eximia (Greene) A.E. Porsild.
The record derives from Tropicos which reports it as a synonym (record 26400483) with original publication details: Pittonia 3(17C): 251 251 1897.
Searching TPL on Primula pumila similarly defers to Tropicos:
Primula pumila (Ledeb.) Pax is a synonym of Primula tschuktschorum var. pumila (Ledeb.) Fernald
This name is a synonym of Primula tschuktschorum var. pumila (Ledeb.) Fernald.
The record derives from Tropicos which reports it as a synonym (record 50308492) with original publication details: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10(3): 208 208 1888.
-
Well! Where have we got to? Several points. P. incana (which was illustrated) has six sets of chromosomes (6x) and is not the same as the high arctic P. stricta (14x). They differ in several ways but P. stricta has smaller flowers. It is a matter of opinion whether you treat P. eximia (also illustrated) as a species or subspecies of P. tschutkchorum. However it has four sets of chromosomes (4x) and is homostyle, whereas P. tschutkchorum is a diploid (2x) and is heterostyle, so I prefer the former solution. It is NEVER the case that P. farinosa lacks farina above the leaves. It may wash off in heavy rain, or disappear on old leaves, but if you look with a good lens on young leaves it is always there. P. frondosa has rounded crenate leaves with a short wide stalk which are different from P. incana, although I agree that they could be mistaken. It is always best to know where your Aleuritia primula comes from! Thank you Kristl for great photos of both P. laurentiana and P. mistassinica in the wild. The former are tiny dwarfed forms, but that often happens in this group. And finally, YES the two plants that started all this off from the AGS Online Show ARE P. frondosa!!!
-
Thank you hightrees. The explanation by you is sufficiently clear to any intelligent person I suppose.
---
McMark,
I spoke about the useful Plant Names Index at
http://ipni.org
Forget about the confusing The Plant List.
-
The first sentence of the original description of Primula frondosa by Janka is amusing.
Ludit farinifera vel farina omnino destituta nuda.
Leads us by the nose, farinose, or, farina totally destituted, glabrous.
-
I had the chance to buy a collection of North American Primulas from Aberconwy yesterday but I didnt. I bought Primula laurentiana
-
I would like to make a trough for N American Primulas. What conditions do they want and what mix should they be in?